Digital Accessibility and Universal Design for Learning

The history of Universal Design for Learning can be traced back to several key milestones:

• Universal Design (UD): The concept of Universal Design originated in the accessible architecture movement. Architects Ron Mace and Selwyn Goldsmith were among the pioneers who promoted the idea of designing spaces and products that are accessible and usable by everyone, regardless of their abilities or disabilities. The principles of UD emphasized the importance of flexibility, simplicity, and accommodating a wide range of users.
• Recognition of Diverse Learners: In the field of education, the 1990s saw a growing recognition of the diversity of students’ abilities and needs. Researchers and educators started to focus on providing more individualized and inclusive instructional approaches. This recognition laid the foundation for the development of Universal Design for Learning.
• Emergence of UDL: The concept of Universal Design for Learning was further developed by researchers such as David Rose, Anne Meyer, and David H. Rose in the late 1990s at the Center for Applied Special Technology (CAST). Their work aimed to apply the principles of universal design to education. They argued that just as architects design buildings to be accessible to people with different physical abilities, educators should design curriculum and instruction to be accessible to students with diverse learning needs, backgrounds, and abilities.
• Publication of “Universal Design for Learning Guidelines”: In 2002, CAST published the first version of the “Universal Design for Learning Guidelines,” outlining the three core principles of UDL:  Multiple Means of Engagement, Multiple Means of Representation, and Multiple Means of Expression. These principles provide a framework for educators to design instructional materials and strategies that address the variability of learners.

Developed by CAST, the UDL Guidelines offer a set of concrete suggestions that can be applied to any discipline or domain to ensure that all learners can access and participate in meaningful, challenging learning opportunities. The UDL approach asks us to empathetically envision learning contexts. Consider this: Your student is post-traditional. He’s a combat veteran and a working, single-parent. The time he can devote to coursework is limited to two hours per evening. How can you use UDL course design to reduce pain points in navigation?

CAST (2018). Universal Design for Learning Guidelines version 2.2. Retrieved from http://udlguidelines.cast.org

Reduce cognitive load to ensure that students are focusing on the content of your course rather than trying to decode a complex layout. One of the most important elements in efficient navigation is that students know where to start and how to find central course components. Consider these approaches to improve ease of navigation:

• Organize your course content chronologically: Consider the order in which students will encounter each text, lecture, quiz, essay, and project. Arrange them accordingly for each module, rather than grouping content by category. When content is housed in collections separate from the course sequence, it’s only clear to the organizer – leaving students searching through the course.

• Create a consistent experience across modules: Consistency among modules in a course helps to establish familiarity with the course. When design elements are used repetitively, it increases predictability and intuitiveness for the learner. Use a module structure to cohesively “chunk” content, rather than a meandering list of folders and floating documents.

• Create a Course Tour: In your Welcome module, include a course tour video outlining main topics and major assignments. Most importantly, show the pathways learners will navigate by using screen capture. In Blackboard Ultra, the Kaltura tool can be easily integrated into your course through Content Market.

When using color to convey meaning, be sure to provide additional indicators of meaning. For example, if you were designing a list of “do’s” and “don’ts” using the corresponding colors of green and red, you would still need to incorporate a more definitive indicator. In this example, the use of checkmarks and X’s provides an additional layer of meaning beyond color coding, ensuring accessibility for  colorblind learners and increasing clarity for all viewers.

Remember, UDL goes beyond serving our students with disabilities. It improves understanding to the greatest extent possible in any situation by any person. So, UDL shares many of its aims with DEIB initiatives. The extent to which students can intuitively process content directly impacts their sense of belonging in a course.

Proper Headings

Sighted learners are able to discern the main topics of  a web page based on lettering that is emphasized by size or color.  Screen-reader users can also appreciate important headings if they are formatted correctly. When creating documents, one of the most important accessibility features to consider is Headings. Select the text that should be formatted. On the Home ribbon, in your Styles palette, choose a heading.

Pages should be structured using the proper Heading hierarchy:

• A Heading 1 is the main page title. It is the most important heading, and there should be just one. Heading 1 is normally in the largest font in the document.

• A Heading 2 is a major section heading, smaller than Heading 1.

• A Heading 3 is a sub-section of Heading 2 content, smaller than Heading 2, and so on.

Lower-degree headings should be contained within headings of the next highest degree. Do not skip heading levels, such as jumping to a Heading 4 immediately after Heading 2 content.

Links

If you paste a full URL into a document, Word will automatically create a hyperlink. The text of a URL may not make sense to a screen reader user. So, instead of using https://www.cast.org/impact/universal-design-for-learning-udl, consider phrasing such as: “The CAST website provides useful information regarding the history of Universal Design.”

To create meaningful hyperlinks: Select the text you want linked, right click and choose Link:

Alternative text for images

Screen readers cannot “read” anything besides text, so images need to have some text attached to them. This is called alternative text. To add this:

1. Right-click an image.

2. Select Edit Alt Text.

3. Enter appropriate alt text (description and context of image) in the field.

4. If an image is decorative only, check the “Mark as decorative” box instead of adding alt text.

Providing multiple means of representation ensures cognitive reinforcement. When learners read and hear information simultaneously, their chances of storing that information greatly increase. Closed captioning is especially helpful for English Language Learner (ELL) students, who are able to read along while listening. This improves comprehension, introduces new vocabulary, and reinforces correct spelling. For more information on captioning and transcription, visit these helpful guides at Blackboard and Kaltura.

While it’s necessary to predetermine learning objectives for our students, there’s nothing preventing us from offering them choices in how they navigate those objectives. When students get to choose how to deal with the contexts surrounding objectives, they develop a sense of self-determination and connectedness to learning. They tend to see more relevance and value in the process. This is because the human brain is wired for self-constructed learning. Provide choice on:

• the context or content used to practice and assess skills,
• the tools used to gather information, create artifacts, or communicate,
• the sequence or timing of tasks.

Howard Gardner’s theory of Multiple Intelligence has become widely misinterpreted as isolated “learning styles,” reducing the complexity of situational learning and suggesting that individuals are locked into a specific mode of learning. Rather, what Gardner’s theory suggests is that each learner exhibits 7-10 distinct intelligence. So, learning isn’t just dynamic across groups; it’s dynamic within individuals. The misguided belief in singular learning “styles” only serves to reinforce notions of the brain as computer. Instead, we must consider the impact of context. A learner can be impacted by classroom dynamics, time of day, spatial concerns, test anxiety, changing perspectives over time, familial obligations – any kind of situational influence. Moreover, learning is deeply impacted by the subject, topic, and the student’s level of intrinsic motivation.

• Check out this CAST article to learn more about how the various parts of the brain work together in the neuro-variability of learning.
• For extensive guidance on implementing UDL in your course, consult:

Thomas J. Tobin, & Kirsten T. Behling. (2018). Reach Everyone, Teach Everyone : Universal Design for Learning in Higher Education: Vol. First edition. West Virginia University Press.

Guide learning by emphasizing the role of effort and process. This approach encourages students to adopt a growth mindset, where they believe that their abilities can develop through dedication and hard work. This mindset can lead to increased motivation and resilience in the face of challenges. Mastery-oriented feedback provides learners with the information and tools they need to assess their own performance and make informed decisions about their learning. Ultimately, this approach produces self-regulated learners, who can set goals, monitor their progress, and adjust their strategies as needed.